What PCOS is
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition affecting around one in eight women of reproductive age. Despite the name, it's not really about cysts — it's a syndrome involving irregular ovulation, higher levels of androgens (male-type hormones), and often insulin resistance.
Because it affects hormones, metabolism, skin, hair, periods and fertility all at once, it can look different from one woman to the next, which is part of why it's so often missed.
The signs and symptoms
Common signs include irregular or absent periods, acne and oily skin, excess facial or body hair (hirsutism), thinning hair on the scalp, difficulty losing weight, and trouble falling pregnant. Not everyone has all of these, and severity varies widely.
Many women first suspect PCOS because their periods are unpredictable, or because of skin and hair changes that don't respond to the usual approaches.
What causes it
The exact cause isn't fully understood, but genetics play a strong role — PCOS often runs in families. Insulin resistance is central for many women: when the body doesn't respond well to insulin, levels rise, which can increase androgen production and worsen symptoms.
The good news is that PCOS is very manageable. A GP can confirm the diagnosis with a history, blood tests and sometimes an ultrasound, then build a plan for your cycle, skin, metabolism and fertility. If your periods are irregular or you have these symptoms, it's worth getting assessed.
Related condition
PCOS →References & sources
This content is general information and not a substitute for individual medical advice. Please consult a GP for your personal situation.
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